Fig. 9

Diagram of the mechanism by which NF-κBp65 phosphorylation drives hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Inflammation, such as TNF-α, induces ARRB1 and promotes ARRB1 binding to NF-κBp65, facilitating the phosphorylation of p65 at ser536. Then, the phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) activates Akt/mTOR signalling to drive malignant hepatocellular proliferation, resulting in hepatocellular carcinogenesis